The Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) program, spearheaded by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), is a significant advancement in India's space capabilities. As of January 2025, the NGLV configuration has been completed, and design work is currently in progress. The first stage of this rocket is designed to be reusable, with an expected reuse capability of 15 to 20 times, which aims to significantly reduce launch costs and enhance operational efficiency.

Development Timeline And Goals

The NGLV project was officially approved by the Indian government in September 2024.

The development phase is projected to take approximately 8 years, with completion expected by 2032.

The NGLV is intended to support a variety of missions, including launching satellites for communication, earth observation, and deep space exploration, as well as facilitating human spaceflight missions to the Bharatiya Antariksh Station and potential lunar landings by 2040.

Technical Specifications

The NGLV will have a maximum payload capacity of 30 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is three times the capacity of its predecessor, the LVM3.

It features a modular design that allows for bulk production and quick turnaround times.

The rocket will utilize a combination of green propulsion systems, including semi-cryogenic engines and liquid oxygen with kerosene or methane.

Reusability Features

The first stage of the NGLV is designed for partial reusability, allowing it to be recovered after launch.

This capability includes:

Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTVL): The first stage will have the ability to land vertically either on land or at sea.

Cost Efficiency: Initial estimates suggest that the cost per kilogram for reusable configurations could be around $1,900, compared to approximately $3,000 for traditional expendable models.

Main Challenges In Making The First Stage Reusable

1. Structural Integrity And Weight Management

Increased Weight: Reusable rockets require additional systems for landing, thermal protection, and structural reinforcement, which adds extra weight compared to expendable rockets. This can reduce the payload capacity significantly, often by about 30%.

Thermal Protection: The first stage must withstand extreme temperatures during re-entry, necessitating robust thermal protection systems that further contribute to weight.

2. Landing Precision And Recovery Systems

Complex Landing Procedures: Achieving a precise landing requires advanced guidance and control systems. The rocket must execute maneuvers to slow down and land vertically, which is technically challenging and requires high reliability.

Infrastructure Requirements: The landing site must be equipped with the necessary infrastructure to support recovery operations, including inspection and refurbishment facilities.

3. Refurbishment And Maintenance

Post-Flight Inspection And Repairs: After each flight, the reusable stage needs thorough inspection and potential repairs. This process can be time-consuming and costly, impacting turnaround times for subsequent launches.

Cost of Maintenance: The ongoing costs associated with maintaining reusable rockets can be significant, which may offset some of the financial benefits expected from reusability.

4. Reliability And Performance

Fatigue From Multiple Flights: Reusable rockets experience significant wear from repeated launches and landings, raising concerns about their reliability over time. Ensuring that all systems can withstand multiple cycles without failure is crucial.

Operational Consistency: Each launch and recovery operation must meet stringent safety standards, particularly if human passengers are involved in future missions.

The NGLV not only enhances India's launch capabilities but also positions it competitively within the global space industry. With its focus on reusability and cost reduction, ISRO aims to lower barriers for access to space, fostering both national and commercial missions.

The NGLV represents a transformative step for ISRO and India's ambitions in space exploration, aiming for high payload capacities, cost-effective launch operations, and significant contributions to international space endeavours.

Agencies