India is purchasing a battery of S-400 Advanced Air Defence Systems from Russia

Lawyers and policy and technical experts from the US Defense Department are in New Delhi, meeting with Indian officials to discuss a military-communications agreement that would boost the interoperability of the two countries' armed forces.

The discussions — part of preparations for the 2+2 dialogue between the two countries' foreign and defence secretaries, to take place in Washington in July 2018 — are a step forward, according to The Indian Express, as Delhi has been reluctant to sign the agreement, known as COMCASA, since it signed a military logistics agreement with the US in 2016, when the US named India a "major defence partner."

India's reservations stem in part from a lingering issue in the growing US-India military relationship: Delhi's use of Russia-made weapons platforms.

Russia has long been India's main weapons supplier. Delhi worked with Moscow to develop the BrahMos anti-ship and land-attack cruise missile, and India also fields Russia's S-300 air-defense system.

India's operational aircraft carrier, INS Vikramaditya, is a Russian Kiev-class carrier-cruiser overhauled by Moscow for the Indian navy that carries Russian-made aircraft. India also operates squadrons of Russia-made MiG-21 and MiG-27 fighter aircraft.

India signed a $6 billion deal with Moscow in late 2016, agreeing to lease a Russian-made nuclear submarine, to buy four Russian frigates, to purchase the advanced S-400 air-defense missile system, and to set up a joint venture with a Russian firm to produce military helicopters.

India's Defense Ministry is concerned that many of its Russian-made weapons, as well as its indigenous weapons systems, will not be compatible with Comcasa, according to The Indian Express, which also reports that defense officials are wary of US intrusions into their military communications systems.

The US has been seeking deeper relations with India for years. Delhi has bought $15 billion worth of US arms since 2008, and the US recently renamed US Pacific Command as US Indo-Pacific Command in recognition of India's growing role in the region.

India sees the S-400 as a way to increase its air defenses, especially amid its growing rivalry with China. But its purchase has been an issue for Washington.

Delhi has said it will go ahead with the purchase of the missile system, despite the recent Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act, which aims to deter foreign individuals and entities from doing business with Russia's defence and intelligence sectors.

"In all our engagements with the US, we have clearly explained how India and Russia's defence cooperation has been going on for a long time and that it is a time-tested relationship," Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman said early June 2018. "We have mentioned that CAATSA cannot impact the India-Russia defence cooperation."

India reportedly wants an exception to CAATSA for its defense deals with Russia and plans to raise the issue during the 2+2 dialogue meeting.

"The S-400 deal has been on for a very long time, and we have reached the final stage of negotiations," Sitharaman added. "That explains it."

US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis has told Congress that "national security exceptions" must be made to CAATSA, which went into effect in January 2018.

Mattis said that while some countries with which the US is seeking stronger ties are looking "to turn away" from Russian-made weapons, those countries also need to keep doing business with Moscow for the time being.

"We only need to look at India, Vietnam and some others to recognize that eventually we're going to penalize ourselves" by pursuing strict adherence to CAATSA, Mattis told senators in April 2018.

"Indonesia, for example, is in the same situation — trying to shift to more of our airplane, our systems, but they've got to do something to keep their legacy military going," Mattis added.

President Donald Trump departs from the Pentagon alongside Secretary of Defence James Mattis.

China was the first foreign country to receive the S-400, but Turkey has also acquired it, adding to tensions with its NATO partners, and Saudi Arabia and Qatar also reportedly considering purchasing it.

Despite India's commitment to the S-400 deal and Mattis' emphasis on logistical considerations, the US is still cautioning India and other US allies about doing business with Russia.

US officials have indicated to India that not signing the Comcasa agreement could preclude India from getting high-end military equipment, like Predator drones, the sale of which the US approved in May 2018.

Rep. Mac Thornberry, head of the House Armed Services Committee, told Indian broadcaster NDTV in late May 2018, that the US was disappointed with India's deals with Moscow, particularly the S-400 purchase, which he said "threatens our ability to work interoperably in the future."

While there would be some "flexibility" in the law for countries with traditional defence ties to Moscow and sanctions on Delhi were unlikely, Thornberry said, the "acquisition of this technology will limit, I am afraid, the degree with which the United States will feel comfortable in bringing additional technology into whatever country we are talking about."