Indian Defence News

Wednesday, January 15, 2025

The Cabinet Committee of Security (CCS) chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi is expected to give a formal nod to the deal to buy 26 Rafale-M fighter jets for the Navy from French firm Dassault

The Indian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has recently approved the acquisition of 26 Rafale-Marine fighter jets from France, along with three Scorpene submarines. This decision marks a significant step in enhancing the capabilities of the Indian Navy, which is facing challenges due to a dwindling fleet of conventional submarines and fighter jets.

Details of The Acquisition

Quantity: 26 Rafale-M jets, comprising 22 single-seat and 4 twin-seat trainers.
Cost: The deal is estimated to be around ₹63,000 crore (approximately $7.5 billion).
Associated Support: The agreement includes weapons, simulators, crew training, and logistical support.
Delivery Timeline: Deliveries are expected to commence approximately three years after the contract is finalized.

The acquisition was approved by the Defence Acquisitions Council, led by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh, and now awaits final approval from the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) before contracts can be signed. This approval process is crucial as it will follow extensive techno-commercial negotiations that may take several months to finalize.

The decision to procure Rafale-M jets comes in response to increasing security threats in the Indian Ocean region, particularly from China's expanding naval capabilities. The Indian Navy currently operates a limited number of MiG-29K jets, which have faced serviceability issues over time. The introduction of Rafale-Ms is seen as an interim measure until indigenous fighter programs can be operational.

Additionally, the deal for three Scorpene submarines—costing around ₹38,000 crore—is also part of this strategic enhancement. These submarines will be built at Mazagon Docks in Mumbai and will feature advanced air-independent propulsion systems for improved underwater endurance.

Following the MoD's approval, the next steps involve:

Finalisation of Contracts: The CCS will review and approve the terms before formal contracts are signed.

Negotiation Process: Detailed negotiations regarding pricing and terms with the French government are expected to commence soon.

Implementation Timeline: The aim is to complete all procurement processes within this fiscal year, aligning with India's broader defence modernization goals.

In conclusion, the approval for the Rafale-M jet deal represents a crucial development in India's defence strategy, aimed at bolstering naval capabilities amidst evolving regional security dynamics.

Agencies

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Indian Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi has emphasized the ongoing "degree of standoff" along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China and the critical need to restore trust between the two nations. In statements made during recent media briefings, he described the situation as "stable but sensitive," highlighting that troop levels will remain unchanged through the winter months due to persistent trust issues and military readiness concerns.

General Dwivedi noted that since the border tensions escalated in April 2020, both India and China have significantly altered their military postures along the LAC. This includes troop deployments, infrastructure development, and stocking of military resources, which have contributed to the current standoff. He stated, “Troop deployment directly depends on the trust factor and the capabilities that have been built on either side”.

The Army Chief ruled out any plans for troop reductions in Eastern Ladakh until summer 2025, indicating that a comprehensive review will be conducted based on progress in diplomatic discussions and trust-building measures. He underscored that maintaining troop strength is essential for stability during winter months, as both nations remain poised to address any potential conflicts.

General Dwivedi reiterated the importance of restoring trust between India and China, suggesting that both sides need to engage in dialogue to reach a broader understanding of how to de-escalate tensions. He called for a return to the status quo prior to April 2020 as a foundation for future negotiations regarding disengagement and normal management of the LAC.

The Indian Army has empowered corps commanders along the LAC to resolve minor issues directly, aiming to prevent trivial disputes from escalating into larger conflicts. This approach is part of a broader strategy to manage military interactions more effectively while awaiting further diplomatic engagements between special representatives from both countries.

In summary, General Dwivedi's remarks highlight a complex interplay of military readiness and diplomatic efforts required to navigate the ongoing standoff with China. The Indian Army remains committed to maintaining its current posture until a more stable and trustworthy environment can be established through continued dialogue and cooperation.

Agencies

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The Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Indian Army are increasingly moving towards joint operations, particularly through the integration of air defence systems. This shift is driven by the need for enhanced operational efficiency and effectiveness in addressing contemporary security challenges.

Current Initiatives And Frameworks

1. Joint Doctrine And Operational Synergies

The Indian military has established a Joint Doctrine that emphasizes deeper operational synergies among the IAF, Indian Army (IA), and Indian Navy (IN). This doctrine aims to facilitate coherent planning and execution of operations across various domains, including land, air, sea, space, and cyberspace.

The establishment of a unified command structure is a critical component of this jointness, allowing for coordinated responses to security threats from neighbouring countries like China and Pakistan.

2. Integrated Air Command And Control System (IACCS)

The IACCS serves as a backbone for integrating various air defence assets across the three services. Currently, several IAF radars are interconnected through this system, enhancing situational awareness and response capabilities.

The inclusion of Army radars into this network is anticipated to further strengthen India's airspace defence capabilities, creating a more comprehensive air defence architecture.

3. Joint Exercises

Recent joint exercises have showcased the operational integration between the IAF and IA. For instance, Exercise Kavach involved multiple services practicing rapid troop insertions and air-landed operations.

Furthermore, upcoming exercises like Vayu Shakti are set to transition into tri-service formats, reflecting a commitment to joint operational readiness.

Challenges And Future Directions

Despite these advancements, challenges remain in achieving true jointness. The IAF has previously expressed concerns about its capabilities being split across commands under proposed theatre commands, which could limit its operational effectiveness.

To address these issues:

Tri-Service Procurement: There is a push for joint procurement of air defence systems that cater to the needs of all three services. This approach aims to reduce costs and development timelines while ensuring interoperability among different platforms.

Focus on Indigenous Development: Emphasizing indigenous development of systems like the Akash Surface-to-Air Missile (SAM) will not only meet the diverse needs of the services but also enhance self-reliance in defence manufacturing.

Conclusion

The integration of air defence systems between the IAF and Army represents a significant step towards achieving operational jointness within India's armed forces. While substantial progress has been made through joint doctrines, exercises, and technological integration, ongoing efforts are necessary to overcome existing challenges and fully realize the potential of a unified military command structure.

Agencies

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The task was originally scheduled to be completed by January 6

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) may have to delay the docking of two satellites, which are part of the Space Docking Experiment (SpaDeX).

The task was originally scheduled to be completed by January 6, but owing to complexities of operating satellites in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), it has been pushed back.

If not done soon, ISRO may have to wait till March for another opportunity.

Operational Difficulties: Challenges In LEO Operations

Operating satellites in LEO (where SpaDeX satellites SDX01 and SDX02 are located) comes with its own challenges.

As former ISRO scientist Manish Purohit explained, "The Earth's rotation shifts the spacecraft's footprint after each orbit," making tracking efforts difficult.

With satellites moving at roughly 7km/s and orbiting in 90 minutes, ground stations only have a 15-20 minute window to stay in touch.

Mission prerequisites: Optimal conditions for the mission

The SpaDeX mission needs optimal conditions, such as a good sunlit cycle for the solar panels and a longer visibility duration for ground operations. Purohit, a solar energy and spacecraft solar panel expert said that these parameters are favourable at the moment but shall deteriorate in the coming days.

If ISRO doesn't conduct the docking manoeuvre soon, it may have to wait until March.

SpaDeX Mission's Importance And Future Implications

The SpaDeX mission is critical for India's future space missions, including lunar projects and the establishment of a space station. Successful docking technology will be a key requirement for future missions involving multiple spacecraft working in tandem.

As ISRO continues to assess its plan and conditions in orbit, enthusiasts and experts alike await the confirmation of when this pioneering docking attempt will finally happen.

A Leap Toward Autonomous Spacecraft Docking

The SpaDeX mission, which was launched on December 30, 2024 from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, consists of two small satellites each weighing around 220kg.

They were injected into a circular orbit at an altitude of 475km.

The mission is acting as a cost-effective technology demonstrator for in-space docking - an ability that only three countries have at the moment: the United States, Russia, and China.

Agencies

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Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on Tuesday warned Pakistan to dismantle its terror infrastructure or face serious consequences. He also said PoK is the crown jewel of India and Jammu and Kashmir is incomplete without PoK.

Speaking at the Armed Forces Veterans Day celebrations in Akhnoor, Singh said the situation in Jammu and Kashmir has changed drastically after Article 370 abrogation, and this truth must be accepted.

He described the Veterans’ Day celebrations at Akhnoor as a testament to the fact that Jammu and Kashmir has been, is and will always remain an integral part of India.

He also reasserted Prime Minister Narendra Modi-led Government’s unwavering resolve to bridge the Dil Ki Doori between J&K and the rest of the country.

Referring to 1965 Indo-Pak war, Singh said, “2025 is the diamond jubilee year of 1965 Indo-Pak war, and India’s victory was the result of valour & sacrifice of the armed forces. Pakistan has lost every war it fought with India, whether it was the attack in 1948, the war of 1965, the war of 1971 or the Kargil war of 1999”.

Accusing Pakistan of promoting illegal infiltration and terrorism since 1965, the DM said Pakistan has tried to influence the local population in J&K. “But the people here have always rejected their intentions”.

“Pakistan still resorts to terrorism. Even today, over 80% of terrorists who come to India are from there. The terrorism would have ended in 1965 only, had the then government not turned the strategic advantages gained on the battlefield into disadvantages,” he said.

Describing PoK as the crown jewel of India, Singh said PoK is nothing more than a foreign territory to Pakistan.

“J&K is incomplete without PoK. The people living there are being deprived of a dignified life. Efforts are being made by Pakistan to mislead and provoke them against India in the name of religion,” he said.

The DM said PoK’s land is being used for terrorism.

“Training camps for terrorists are running and launch pads have been built in the areas adjacent to the border. The Indian government is well aware of the situation. Pakistan will have to put an end to its nefarious designs,” he warned.

Criticising Pakistan’s persistent support for terrorism, Singh said, “Pakistan has always made every effort to destabilise India. Despite international pressure, it has never abandoned its policy of supporting terrorism. The terrorists infiltrating Jammu and Kashmir come from Pakistan”.

At the event, the Defence Minister announced that doorstep delivery of medical facilities through mobile medical units will be provided to ex-servicemen and their families in remote areas across the country.

“The government has taken several steps to support ex-servicemen and their families. While I do not claim that all measures are sufficient, one significant initiative this year is the introduction of mobile medical units for veterans and their families in remote areas,” he said.

On the occasion, Singh hoisted a 108-feet high National Flag and inaugurated ‘Akhnoor Heritage Museum’.

The museum is a tribute to the rich history and culture of the region. Located on NH-144A connecting Jammu to Poonch, the museum showcases the rich history and legacy of the region.

Certain mobility equipment in terms of motorised wheelchairs, tri scooters, scooters and auto rickshaws were handed over to the ex-servicemen on the occasion. Over 40 stalls/help desks of various Records Offices, Defence & Government Welfare Organisations, Banks & Employment Agencies were established at the venue for in-situ grievance redressal and awareness.

J&K Lt Governor Manoj Sinha, J&K Chief Minister Omar Abdullah, Chief of Defence Staff General Anil Chauhan and General Officer Commanding-in-chief M V Suchindra Kumar were prominent among those who attended the event organised by the Army at Tanda Artillery Brigade in the Akhnoor sector near Jammu to celebrate the ninth Armed Forces Veterans’ Day celebrations.

Agencies

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On January 15, 2025, India celebrates the 77th Army Day, a significant occasion that honours the bravery and sacrifices of its soldiers. This day commemorates the historic transition of command in 1949 when General K.M. Cariappa became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army, marking a pivotal moment in India's military sovereignty.

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh extended heartfelt greetings to the Indian Army, emphasizing its role as "a symbol of pride and trust for every Indian." He acknowledged the unwavering courage, valour, and selfless service of the army personnel, highlighting their contributions not only in safeguarding national borders but also in disaster management and humanitarian efforts. Singh's message reflects a deep appreciation for the army's commitment to national security and its integral role in maintaining peace within the country.

This year's theme for Army Day is "Samarth Bharat, Saksham Sena" (Capable India, Empowered Army), which underscores the Indian Army's dedication to enhancing national strength and defence capabilities. The celebrations will feature a parade in Pune, showcasing advanced military technologies and cultural performances that highlight India's rich heritage.

As the nation commemorates this day, it serves as a reminder of the sacrifices made by soldiers and inspires a collective sense of patriotism among citizens.

Agencies

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Pete Hegseth, the nominee for Secretary of Defence, said that upon confirmation, he would collaborate with the US State and Commerce Departments to reassess the India-US partnership and advise President Donald Trump accordingly.

The former combat veteran, a TV news show host and Donald Trump's pick for defence secretary was grilled on Tuesday by the Senate Armed Services Committee in a confirmation hearing to serve as Defence Secretary.

Hegseth highlighted the importance of joint military exercises, defence sales, and strategic talks which have bolstered India-US ties significantly.

"If confirmed, in coordination with the State and Commerce Departments, I would review our current relationship and agreements and then provide the Defence Department's recommendations to the President," Hegseth said in response to a written question submitted by the Senate Armed Services Committee ahead of his confirmation hearing.

Hegseth is the first of Trump's nominees to be grilled as part of a process that will see them either approved or rejected for the roles the president-elect has nominated them for.

In his opening remarks, he firmly claimed that he would be a "change agent," a "warrior" for the department, "re-build US military" and "re-establish deterrence" as Republicans demand new and strong leadership in the Pentagon.

"First and foremost, we will defend our homeland, our borders and our skies. Second, we will work with our partners and allies to deter aggression in the Indo-Pacific from the communist Chinese. Finally, we will responsibly end wars to ensure we can prioritise our resources-and reorient to larger threats. We can no longer count on "reputational deterrence"--we need real deterrence," Hegseth said in his opening statement.

Throughout the confirmation hearing, the 44-year-old combat veteran said that he would work with partners and allies to deter China's offensive led by the Communist Party in the Indo-Pacific region. The hearing was disrupted several times as Hegseth attempted to deliver his opening statement, with police removing protestors from the committee room.

Democrat senators grilled Hegseth on his lack of experience, his past comments about women and Black troops and allegations of excessive drinking and sexual misconduct.

He was challenged over previous comments made about women in the military.Hegseth also dismissed questions over reports of his drinking, calling them a "smear campaign."

In November 2024, while nominating Pete Hegseth for Secretary of Defence, Trump said, "Pete has spent his entire life as a Warrior for the Troops, and for the Country. I am honoured to announce that I have nominated Pete Hegseth to serve in my Cabinet as the Secretary of Defence. Pete is tough, smart and a true believer in America First. With Pete at the helm, America's enemies are on notice - Our Military will be Great Again, and America will Never Back Down."

ANI

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External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar recently met with Spanish Defence Minister José Manuel Albares during his two-day visit to Spain. The talks were characterized as "productive" and focused on strengthening bilateral cooperation in the defence sector, alongside addressing various regional and global issue.

During this visit, Jaishankar also met with Spanish President Pedro Sanchez and King Felipe VI, reaffirming the long-standing bilateral ties between India and Spain. The discussions emphasized enhancing collaboration in defence, which is a critical area of focus for both nations.

1. Defence Cooperation: Jaishankar and Albares discussed the importance of strengthening defence ties between India and Spain. This reflects a growing engagement in the political and defence domains.

2. Bilateral Relations: The discussions emphasized the need for greater cooperation to broaden the relationship between India and Spain, particularly in the context of the European Union.

3. Global Issues: While specific global issues were not detailed in the snippets, the context suggests that the talks likely included discussions on security challenges and international cooperation in various sectors.

This meeting is part of India's broader strategy to enhance its diplomatic and defence relationships with European nations, reflecting a commitment to multilateral engagement and strategic partnerships.

ANI

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External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar met with Spanish President Pedro Sanchez in Madrid on January 14, 2025, during a two-day official visit to Spain. This meeting aimed to strengthen the long-standing partnership between India and Spain, which dates back to the establishment of diplomatic ties in 1956.

Jaishankar conveyed greetings from Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and reflected on Sanchez's successful visit to India in October 2024. This visit was pivotal in reaffirming the bilateral relationship and discussing progress on various cooperative agendas.

Jaishankar held discussions with Spanish Defence Minister Margarita Robles, focusing on enhancing cooperation in the defence sector and addressing regional and global challenges. He described the talks as "productive" and emphasized the importance of collaboration in defence.

The visit also underscored the expanding cultural and educational collaborations between the two nations, including recent agreements aimed at promoting Hindi language studies and academic exchanges.

During a session organized by the Spain-India Council Foundation, Jaishankar highlighted the significance of India-Spain collaboration in a rapidly changing global landscape, emphasizing its relevance for economic stability and talent mobility.

Jaishankar's visit is part of ongoing efforts to deepen ties between India and Spain, with both countries looking forward to celebrating the 70th anniversary of their diplomatic relations in 2026 through various initiatives, including a Dual Year of Culture, Tourism, and Artificial Intelligence.

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On January 15, 2024, Congress President Mallikarjun Kharge and leader Rahul Gandhi extended their heartfelt wishes on the occasion of the 76th Army Day. Kharge expressed deep respect for the bravery and professionalism of the Indian Army, emphasizing its crucial role in ensuring national security and stability.

He stated, "In reverence and gratitude, we salute the brave soldiers, veterans, ex-servicemen and their families" and highlighted the Army's contributions during both external threats and internal challenges.

Rahul Gandhi, who was in Manipur conducting his Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra, conveyed his wishes via social media. He acknowledged the incredible bravery and dedication of the soldiers, stating, "Best wishes to all the soldiers, ex-servicemen and their families of the country on Army Day. The whole of India salutes your incredible bravery".

Both leaders' messages reflect a strong sense of national pride and gratitude towards the armed forces, recognizing their sacrifices and commitment to the nation.

ANI

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On January 15, 2025, India celebrates the 77th Army Day, a significant occasion dedicated to honouring the bravery and sacrifices of the Indian Army. This year's celebrations are particularly notable as they take place in Pune, marking the first time the parade is held outside New Delhi. The theme for this year's Army Day is "Samarth Bharat, Saksham Sena," reflecting the army's commitment to a capable and strong nation.

Chief of Naval Staff (CNS) Dinesh K. Tripathi expressed his heartfelt appreciation for the Indian soldiers, stating, "Deepest gratitude and homage to brave warriors," as he extended his greetings on this momentous day. The event not only commemorates the historic transition of command from British leadership to Indian leadership in 1949 but also serves as a reminder of the ongoing dedication of the armed forces in safeguarding the nation's sovereignty.

The parade in Pune will feature various displays, including modern defence technology and live demonstrations of military capabilities. This event aims to engage citizens and promote a sense of patriotism across the country.

ANI

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The Biden administration has officially announced the removal of Cuba from the U.S. State Department's list of state sponsors of terrorism. This decision, made just days before President Biden leaves office, is part of an agreement facilitated by the Vatican aimed at securing the release of political prisoners in Cuba.

Cuba was designated as a state sponsor of terrorism on January 11, 2021, during the final days of the Trump administration. This designation was based on claims that Cuba supported international terrorism by harboring individuals linked to terrorist activities, particularly in relation to Colombia and Venezuela.

The Biden administration determined that there is "no credible evidence" supporting Cuba's current classification as a state sponsor of terrorism. The decision aligns with ongoing efforts to improve human rights conditions in Cuba and to facilitate the release of political prisoners, with reports indicating that over 1,000 individuals may qualify as political prisoners.

The removal from the terror list is expected to ease some economic restrictions on Cuba, potentially improving its struggling economy. It may also lead to the release of a significant number of prisoners detained during protests against the Cuban government in 2021. However, this action is likely to be reversed by the incoming Trump administration, which is expected to take a tougher stance on Cuba.

The decision has drawn mixed reactions. While some view it as a step towards improving U.S.-Cuba relations, others—particularly Republican lawmakers—have criticized it, arguing that it undermines efforts to hold the Cuban regime accountable for its actions.

ANI

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Singapore's President, Tharman Shanmugaratnam, has arrived in India for a state visit from January 14 to 18, 2025. This marks his first official visit to India as President and coincides with the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Singapore and India.

President Tharman will receive a ceremonial welcome at Rashtrapati Bhawan on January 16, 2025. He is scheduled to meet with Indian President Droupadi Murmu and Prime Minister Narendra Modi, along with other dignitaries including External Affairs Minister Dr. S. Jaishankar.

The discussions during this visit aim to enhance bilateral relations, which were elevated to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in September 2024. This visit is expected to further strengthen ties based on mutual respect and cooperation.

In addition to official meetings, President Tharman will engage with overseas Singaporeans in New Delhi and participate in a roundtable with Indian thought leaders. He will also visit Odisha from January 17-18, where he will meet with local officials and explore economic opportunities.

A wreath-laying ceremony at Raj Ghat is also scheduled as part of his itinerary, honouring India's historical ties.

This visit underscores the ongoing commitment of both nations to deepen their partnership across various sectors, including economic development and cultural exchange.

ANI

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NATO has officially launched a new mission named Baltic Sentry, aimed at safeguarding critical undersea cables in the Baltic Sea region. This initiative was announced by NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte during a meeting with leaders from NATO countries bordering the Baltic Sea, held in Helsinki on January 14, 2025.

The mission focuses on enhancing surveillance and deterrence against potential threats to undersea infrastructure, particularly amid rising concerns over sabotage and destabilizing activities in the region.

Baltic Sentry will deploy a variety of military assets, including:

Frigates
Maritime patrol aircraft
A fleet of naval drones for improved monitoring capabilities

The announcement follows a series of incidents that have raised alarms about possible Russian activities, including damage to undersea cables and pipelines since the onset of the Ukraine conflict in February 2022. Notable incidents include:

Damage to telecommunications cables linking Sweden and Denmark.

Recent detainment of a tanker related to subsea cable damage on Christmas Day.

Rutte emphasized that undersea cables are vital for global communications and economic transactions, with over 95% of internet traffic relying on them. He noted that these cables facilitate approximately $10 trillion in financial transactions daily.

The mission signals NATO's commitment to collective defense and resilience against hybrid warfare tactics, which may include cyberattacks and sabotage. Rutte warned that threats to critical infrastructure would be met with firm responses, including potential boarding and confiscation of suspicious vessels.

ANI

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The NAG-MK-2, India's indigenously developed third-generation anti-tank guided missile, is now ready for induction into the Indian Army following successful field evaluation trials conducted at the Pokhran Field Range in Rajasthan. These trials, which took place on January 13, 2025, confirmed that the missile system effectively hit all designated targets at both maximum and minimum ranges, validating its operational capabilities.

Key Features of NAG-MK-2

Tandem HEAT Warhead: The missile is equipped with a tandem high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) warhead, which is designed to penetrate modern armoured vehicles, including those with explosive reactive armour (ERA).

Top-Attack Capability: NAG-MK-2 can engage targets from above, targeting the most vulnerable parts of armoured vehicles, which increases its effectiveness against modern tanks.

Performance: The NAG-MK-2 can neutralize modern armoured threats, including those equipped with explosive reactive armour (ERA). It is capable of striking targets up to 4 kilometers away within approximately 17 to 18 seconds, traveling at speeds of around 230 meters per second.

Guidance System: It utilizes a passive homing guidance system with an imaging infrared (IIR) seeker, ensuring high accuracy and reliability in various battlefield conditions.

Operational Range: The missile has a maximum range of approximately 7 to 10 kilometers and a minimum range of about 500 meters, making it versatile for different combat scenarios.

Speed and Manoeuvrability: NAG-MK-2 travels at speeds between 220 to 230 meters per second and features a jet vane control (JVC) system that enhances its manoeuvrability during flight.

Deployment Platforms: It is designed for deployment from the upgraded NAG Missile Carrier (NAMICA), which enhances battlefield mobility and allows for rapid response in combat situations.

Specifications

Length: Approximately 1832 mm
Diameter: 150 mm
Warhead: Tandem HEAT (High-Explosive Anti-Tank)
Max Range: Between 7 to 10 km
Weight: About 42 kg.

Induction And Future Prospects

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh praised the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Army for their roles in the successful trials. The completion of these evaluations marks a significant advancement in India's defence capabilities, particularly in anti-tank warfare. The NAG Missile Carrier version-2 was also evaluated during these trials, further confirming the readiness of the entire weapon system for operational deployment.

With its successful trials and advanced features, the NAG-MK-2 is poised to enhance the Indian Army's operational effectiveness against modern armoured threats.

IDN

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